Object-Oriented concepts and practices have a layered structure with both vertical and horizontal relationships between the layers and among items in each segment. The following chart shows this structure. The closer a layer is to the bottom of the inverted pyramid, the more important and fundamental it is.

As a reminder, the lowest layer consists of “Abstraction,” “Modularity,” “Encapsulation,” and “Hierarchy.” Those are the most fundamental tools in the Object-Oriented Paradigm; all other layers add more clarity to these principles. The second layer belongs to GRASP, an abbreviation for “General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns.”

Object-Oriented concepts and practices have a layered structure with both vertical and horizontal relationships between the layers and among items in each segment. The following chart shows this structure. The closer a layer is to the bottom of the inverted pyramid, the more important and fundamental it is.
As a reminder, the lowest layer consists of “Abstraction,” “Modularity,” “Encapsulation,” and “Hierarchy.” Those are the most fundamental tools in the Object-Oriented Paradigm; all other layers add more clarity to these principles. The second layer belongs to GRASP, an abbreviation for “General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns.&rdquo […]